The Effects of Earthquakes

The Effects of Earthquakes Abstract The occurrence of earthquakes is unpredictable and they are characterized by widespread loss of life and damage. They also cause a lot of panic to the affected people with some experiencing a permanently changed life there after. This report extensively looks into the effects of earthquakes on people and businesses. Regarding the former, the report focuses on the social and economic impacts. On the latter, the major focus will be on its general impacts on a business. This is covered through introduction, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Executive summary As one of the natural disasters, earthquakes affect people and businesses in many ways. Some of these effects are as a result of other effects from the earthquake (ripple effect). Notably, people are affected socially and economically as many lose their lives depending on the magnitude of the earthquakes. Earthquakes with stronger magnitudes like the ones experienced in Chile and Haiti lately led to massive destruction and loss of life. Socially, people are faced with a completely different social set up as many are left homeless. Families too are broken as some lose their loved ones. Children are traumatized as their lives changes possibly for good. Deviant behavior also increases after earthquake as people loot from the damaged buildings Some business have to incur huge losses due to damaged buildings, costs of repairs, damaged roads which increase costs of shipments to and from the business location and lost business opportunities. Other businesses are forced to shut down leading to loss of jobs and a negative effect on the larger economy. The aim of this research was to establish how earthquakes affect people and businesses. Introduction In the recent past, earthquakes have become a common phenomenon. The most recent earthquake tragedies occurred in Chile and Haiti where hundreds thousands of people lost their lives. The economies of these nations are still trying to recuperate from the effects with the help of the rest of the world. The extent of damage caused by earthquakes is dependent on its magnitude. There are minor earthquakes which cause only causes tremors especially in areas which are not prone to earthquakes. However, the areas which are prone earthquakes are hit by earthquakes with stronger magnitudes. For example the recent earthquake in Chile had an 8.8 magnitude measured on the Richer scale and its considered to be the seventh strongest to have ever been experienced. In Haiti, it had a 7.0 magnitude while in Kobe Japan it had a magnitude of 7.2 (Georesources.co.ku 1). Earthquakes of such magnitudes have devastating effects on people and businesses. There is a massive loss of lives and widespread disrup tion of businesses. Businesses incur huge losses when buildings collapse, transport network is destroyed as well as other infrastructure. The survivors are faced with a dire challenge of picking up their lives again from scratch while others find it completely hard to recover from the trauma. The loss of family members and bread winners in the event of an earthquake is a major cause of these traumas. People lose their jobs as their places of work are reduced to rumbles. Basically, earthquake beckons poverty. Businesses are forced to close permanently after incurring inflated losses. The few businesses which manage to live through the experience are forced to incur extra costs of paying for new buildings. Lack of infrastructure is also a major cause of suffering to these businesses. Notably, reconstructing the damaged roads take a long time and this derails the businesses efforts to pick up again. Methods In order to establish the effect of earthquake on the economic lives of people, I assessed the economic stability of people from a general perspective before and after the recent earthquake in Haiti. The assessment involved exploring information on the economic participation of people. I also explored researches on the number of people who have been left homeless and now living in camps. This is because this is a clear indicator of their economic situation. To assess the effect of earthquakes on peoples social lives, I assessed the variations of peoples social life in behavior and relation after the earthquake. Here, I paid a lot of attention to re-organization and separation of families. I also assessed the prevalence of deviant behavior after the tragedy (Li 9). Lastly, I assessed social panic caused by the earthquake. To determine the effect of earthquake on businesses, I assessed the number of closed businesses, the amount of loss incurred in terms of destroyed business premises and wares, loss of business due to transportation damage. I also assessed the cost associated with loss of customers due to transport disruptions and the general performance of the businesses after the earthquake. Its important to not that this assessment will be based on previous earthquakes like Kobe, Japan, Haiti, Chile and Northridge earthquakes. The tasks above will be based on the information provided by previous researches (Meta analysis). Results After carrying out an in depth assessment of the effects of earthquakes on the economic stability of people, I discovered that majority of the people directly affected by earthquake are straining economically. This is because some of them have lost their jobs while others have seen their small businesses destroyed. Others have been displaced and are living in encampments meaning they are now dependent on reliefs and cant take part in any economic activity. Many people have been left homeless after their houses collapsed. During Kobe earthquake, a massive one million homes were affected (Bilham-Boult 80). They have been unable to rebuild their homes due to economic constraints. Most of these homes were destroyed by the resulting fire. Major transport breakdown and disruption of infrastructure such as electricity and gas supply halted many businesses which offered employment to many people. This ended up affecting them economically. Again, many people interviewed especially women and c hildren revealed that they lost a breadwinner to the earthquake. Most of the deaths of such breadwinners occurred in major buildings where they were working. Socially, the results on the ground shows that many families were separated and other reorganized after earthquakes. For example in Haiti, some people are still not aware of the whereabouts of some of their family members. Some people have been unable to pick up their lives after losing their loves ones while children have been orphaned. The wake of earthquake has left behind a string of widows and widowers too. Again, the homeless have been pooled together in camps and this has greatly reorganized their social set up. For example at the climax of Kobe earthquake 316,000 people were evacuated and made to live in temporary accommodation like parks, schools and community centers. During that time, the night-time temperatures were -2 degrees Celsius and they did not have sufficient blankets, clean water and food (Bilham-Boult 80). They have been forced to abandon their already established social ties and live among new people in the camps. In Chile, deviant behavior increased after the earthquake as people stole from the affected buildings. This prompted the Chilean government to put a curfew though some people still defied it. This led to police shooting some people. In Haiti, lawlessness prevailed after the earthquake as hooligans robbed people and business. People were forced to live by the gang as law took a break. Reports indicate that there is a huge increase in the rate of crime at this time when the Haiti economy is trying to implement recovery measures. There is also a general panic among the affected people as people fear that another tragedy may occur anytime. Some especially young children are traumatized after experiencing the earthquake events. These incidents have been reported in numerous reports calling foe guidance and counseling for such children to ensure that they lead a normal life (Inter-American development Bank 1). It was also established that earthquakes have devastating effects on almost every business irrespective of whether its a service or a product business. Firstly, many businesses especially those whose premises collapsed have been forced to shut down. Others have been forced to spend a lot of money to reconstruct such premises. In Chile, many businesses were looted and this led to loss of inventory. This further added up to the loss figure from the earthquake. After the Northridge earthquake, many businesses reported losses due to earthquake-related transportation damage (Boarnet 16). These losses were caused by factors like limited customer and employees access to the location of the business, shipping delays to and from the business, utility cutoffs, inventory loss or damage, repair costs, building damage and higher prices. Notably, the Northridge earthquake destroyed ramps, bridges, interchanges and roadways (Boarnet 7). Conclusions Conclusively, earthquakes have massive and devastating effects on people and businesses as the discussion above shows. To people, earthquakes cause economic and social impacts which have got a ripple effect. Some of these social impacts include massive loss of life, family separation and social disorganization as people are forced to live in temporary homes after they are rendered homeless. The rampant deaths lead to some children being orphaned while others are left traumatized. Deviant behavior is also on the increase as hooligans take advantage of the situation. There are also economic impacts to people where people lose their source livelihood in the wake of destruction. Destroyed homes condemn most people to poverty life. Businesses too are adversely affected with some being forced to shut down. Others incur huge reconstruction costs after huge losses. Recommendations People in earthquake prone areas should be enlightened on how to react in case an earthquake strikes. This includes advices like what to do, where to take cover in a building like under a table or stairs as well as what to do when out doors or when driving. This will be important in controlling panic and consequently control the number of deaths. Controlling the number of deaths goes a long way in curbing the social and economic impacts on people. The other recommendation would be to provide and guidance and counseling to affected people and families to help them lead a normal social life. Businesses should also be advised to take insurance covers against losses emanating from earthquakes. Works cited Bilham-Boult, Alan. People, places and themes. New York: Heinemann, 2001 Boarnet, Marlon. Business losses, Transportation damage and the Northridge earthquake. University of California: 1996 Georesources.co.uk. Kobe Earthquake, n.d. Retrieved on 2nd April 2010 from http://www.georesources.co.uk/kobehigh.htm Inter-American development Bank. Reconstructing Haiti: Social Services, 2010. Retrieved on 2nd April 2010 from http://www.iadb.org/features-and-web-stories/2010-02/english/reconstructing-haiti-social-services-6515.html Li, Jinfang. Brief Introductory to Seismosociology in China, n.d. University of Delaware

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This note presents the mechanical design of the system in question and more experimental findings which support the assumption of the novel model constructed there. Moreover, this note contains first conclusions and preliminary discussions. A system composed of a metallic cylinder filled with pressured air (up to 5 ATM), and a rubber, square sectioned ring, as a seal was Investigated theoretically and experimentally. Under a certain pressure difference (Internal minus atmosphere pressure – p) and external sealing force, the rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage.However, experiments show a continuous, nonlinear decrease in p(t) as a function of time. A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t), via considering air flow through cracks, have been suggested before, based on [1] but they have failed to describe the profile in question due to the coupled constitutive properties of rubber and a construction that allow the creation of micro- scale â€Å"tunnels† in the rubber-lid interface, through which the air can pass.A novel heuristic model, which assumes a symmetry preserving analogy between the micro-scale air tunnels and the rubber polymer strands is proposed. Thus, polymer equations based on statistical thermodynamics are applied on the alarm streamlines. Using this model, there are four unset parameters whose values are being determined by the experimental profiles, similar to the semi-phenomenological rubber model of Mooney-Rivaling. An excellent correspondence between the model and physical essence of the phenomenon.Many standard trendiest have been tried and failed to describe p(t) accurately, including 3rd order polynomial which has also four parameters. Key-words: – Sealing, Pressure drop, Air leakage, Air-polymer analogy, Polyp-Air, Micro-Macro, Language. Ascribing air flow through cracks are available in [2], [3], but those have to be adjusted to describe air flow through rubber-metal inter face. In the following note we will describe the experiment set mechanical design and the final system configuration itself.Moreover, we will mention some results regarding the experiment. 1 Introduction An air pressure vessel (up to ATM) is composed of a metallic cylinder and a cover, and sealed with a rubber, square sectioned ring, as seen in Fig. L . Under a certain pressure difference (internal minus atmosphere pressure – p) and external sealing force, he rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage. However, experiments show a continuous, nonlinear decrease in p as a function of time for small values of h (up to of the initial vertical dimension – ho).A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t), by describing air flow through cracks (of heat regenerator for example) , have been previously suggested but they have failed to accurately describe the profile in the following specific setup due to the coupled constitutive property of rubber and a construction that allows the creation of micro-scale â€Å"tunnels† in the rubber-lid interface, through which the air can pass. A few more mathematical and physical models of 2 Experiment Setup 2. Introduction and Targets Consider the axis-symmetric setup where the inner pressure is set to a constant value, which is different from the atmospheric pressure (fig. 1). The â€Å"Force† preventing from the piston to pop up and also causes the rubber seal (black) to be subjected to unsocial compression. Thus, the vertical length – originally ho – decreases to a controlled value h. Once deformed enough, the seal prevents leakage of air from the inside. Note that thanks to the upper airway the outer surface of the seal is subjected to the time measure. . 2. 1 Variables and their measuring methods p – with a computerized pressure gage installed as part of the cylinder.. Ho (free vertical dimension of the rubber sample) – with a microme ter h (current vertical dimension of a rubber sample) – using LIVED that track the displacement of the piston from its free force position. T (time)- by the computer clock. T (the temperature of the gasket or air) – with a thermocouple installed as a part of the cylinder. Only for additional data collecting proposes, not a controlled variable.The main target is to investigate the pressure vs.. Time p(t) profile. The seal's function, is to preserve the pressure difference p=P-Pa between the two gasket sides. We'd like to observe how the magnitude of the initial pressure difference and the controlled deformation influence on the profile. The mechanism of air leakage through the seal is yet to be determined but when diffusion is neglected one can presume that the air flows through the rebuttal interface. Our initial assumption is that air flows through narrow cracks-like interracial passages.The assumption about the diffusion arises from mineral notion about the character istic time of gas diffusion through rubber in various applications, which is much larger than these experiments periods (about 1000 seconds). For example, based on [4], the pressure drop in 1000 seconds via diffusion in an UN-defected aircraft tire having similar pressure difference is 0. 06% at most. There is extensive work on air flow through material cracks. 2. 2. 2 Important Technical Aspects See details in fig. 2 for the following considerations. Deformation needs to be assured.The force is actuated via a fine screw, enables measuring the vertical displacement with a LIVED and control he value to it with satisfying precision (10 microns). The purpose of the center ball is to transfer the pure vertical movement without rotational movement and torsion. Seal eccentricity: the experiment should be designed to assure closing force as uniform as possible, although it'll never be ideal, so it'll be wise to try centering the seal and avoid creating preferable air flow sites due to lack of symmetry in the compression field.In the following setup â€Å"hand tolerance† is satisfying. Starting the â€Å"stopwatch† (time measure): practically, the seal is influenced by the way the pressure and deformation are reached. To overcome this problem, the experiment should be done in a way assuring results independent from the initialization. Experiment was stopped when pressure changes are very small. 2. 2 Course of Experiment Preliminary experiments showed a continuous air flow and pressure drop all along the experiment. The general p(t) profile exhibited â€Å"exponential decay† type of behavior.We shall now briefly describe the experiment variables related issues such as the creation of p(t=O) and h , and the protocol of starting/stopping Force pa 2. 2. 3 The Experiment We measure p as a function of time, and determine owe p(t=O)= pop and h influence this profile. Observe fig. 2 for the actual setup. The first step is deforming the seal. Than, opening the main valve ( not in fig. 2), connected to the supply line, and building the pressure to a desired, stable value (waiting for stabilization is crucial). The secondary valve was then closed and p(t) was than monitored.Figure 1 – Schematic section of the experiment setup. The compressed air is colored with blue. -2- Screw ones on the surface) move finely due to compression and each strand remain attached to its original Junctions. The Junctions are getting closer ND dense and so are the strands in the bulk of the rubber gasket, which were dense enough already to prevent air flow. However, the surface isn't a mosaic of Junctions but more of a blend of Junctions and loose strands – strands connected only to one junction. Had the surface was a lattice of Junctions, the contact mechanic would have been similar to metal-on-metal mechanics.But this is not the case. Due to those loose strands, the surface only embedded with Junctions and between them – an entanglemen t of loose stands, rolled and smeared on the Junctions beneath them, preventing the creation f classic surface contact. In order to understand the air flow mechanism, let's observe hypothetically on a metal-on-metal sealing. Each metal plane has its own surface profile with peaks, valleys and defects where air can flow in and find its way out. The probability of perfect sealing – when one plan's peaks are pressed directly on the other plan's valleys – aspires to zero.Practically, the metal-metal interface always consist paths that the air can use for its escaping. We refer to that situation as â€Å"use of built in paths†. The reason behind the superiority of rebuttal sealing over the metal-metal one is he elasticity and compliance of the rubber. When pressed on the metal surface, the rubber's loose strands and even some of the Junctions and regular strands on the rubber surface fill the valleys of the metal. Since the strands are thin compared to the valley, th ey penetrate the â€Å"built in paths† and force (consider a thick bush in a flowing river).This is the idea behind â€Å"labyrinth† seal -forcing the air to flow in a complicated path in order to reduce pressure leakage. The magnitude of a rubber monomer is about 5 LIVED sail Piston Secondary Valve Figure 2 – the actual setup 2. 3 Preliminary results and Conclusions (t) profile was recorded for different initial pressure differences and rubber deformations. The parameters range is: pop=l [ATM] to 5[ATM], to -0. 2. Preliminary results showed that p(t) graphs were different considerably one form the other for the same initial conditions.It was concluded that the experiment is very sensitive to the rubber gaskets different surface profile over the different specimens. See fig. 4 for details. On the other hand, when repeating the experiment with the same gasket, as long as the experiment is not too long so the rubber won't behave differently due to service, we get similar graphs (fig. 3). Discussion 3. 1 Air Flow The proposed mechanically model of leakage is based on three phases. Phase I includes placing the rubber gasket and deforming it to the set value h. The process is described in figure 5. The polymer macrostructure is composed of strands and Junctions.According to untangled mechanical models [5], the Junctions (at least, the experiment #2,#7 experiment #2 pressure[ATM] 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Figure 3 – 4 experiments with ZEE%. The graphs are similar, with maximum of 0. 2[ATM] pressure difference. The difference is due to inability to reconstruct the same initial conditions and due to service effects. Oho 1 500 2000 time[sec] Figure 4 – pressure profiles in experiments #2, #7. pop?4. 1 EX-O. 148. -3- Aluminum Figure 5 – gasket compression process angstrom, and the strands are generally shorter than the average polymer length, each strand is formed maximum overall length about 5 micron.See [6] for more information about st rands length. However, this is not the end of the story. Recall that the rubber strands are rather flexible, given an energetic air Jet it might deform the strands, move them aside, and create a much more convenient path. Where it is practically impossible in metallic sealing, when rubber-metal is noninsured the air can create its own path and not use the â€Å"built in† paths by default. Of course, the strands are like springs – moving them aside require a transform of the air kinetic energy to potential spring energy.So we stay with this trade-off: creating convenient path where the friction loss is minimal, or maybe use the built in paths with significant friction loss but save the energy of the path creation. The answer will be given by the minimum energy principle. The reasonable assumption is when the pressure p is great, the air is energetic and prefer create a convenient path. As long as p decreases, the path becomes more and more curvy. When p is too small, we cannot talk about paths anymore since the air kinetic energy isn't high enough. Alternately, the air molecules start percolate on their way out (still in the interface, not in the bulk).Our model won't deal with that region. Only the regions with flow paths are in our interest. The latter discussion was proved qualitatively. An experiment assuring its results is in its design stages. Phase II of the experiment is the pressure buildup. We open the main valve, letting air to flow from the supply line to the cylinder. The supply line erasure is controlled and thus raising the pressure inside the cylinder. At this phase, air is pumped in and leaks out at the same time but the influx rate is much greater then the leakage rate.When the level of pressure reaches the desired one, and stables, the secondary valve is closed and phase Ill is being executed. In phase Ill, the air flows out through the two planes described in phase I in a manner described above. 3. 2 Rubber Gasket Behavior cyli nder, and that pressure acts on the already deformed gasket as it wants to expend it. Due to the normal forces, a friction force (FRR) avoiding the gasket from expending. Beneath is a figure showing the process form the rubber point of view using forces diagram on a vertical section.Let's assume a standard friction model. After a certain level of pressure is achieved, the friction force FRR reaches its maximum static magnitude, which means that the rubber is entering the dynamic friction stage. While the pressure continue to increase, the rubber starts increasing its average radius, so the radii difference – outer against inner – and the height are decreasing due to incompressibility. Notice that h does not change – the piston is fixed – but the expansion decreases the ignited of the friction force even more. When maximum p is achieved, phase Ill starts.The pressure begins to drop and the rubber enters the static fiction level again. The friction force co ntinues its decrease until finally it changes its direction and grows back to the dynamical level. Afterwards, the rubber begins to decrease its radius -4- until the maximum-static-level friction force is enough to hold the rubber gasket in place. It is more than possible that before releasing the piston, the final average radius is different than the initial. There is also the possibility of small p and a strong enough friction force that succeed in keeping the gasket in place all over the experiment phases.Important conclusion is that the volume which the air fills remains constant at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. That is, the contraction is happening at the middle of the experiment (if present). In order to check the validity of the previous speculative argument, a videotaped experiment was taken. There, one we can see how the rubber expends and contracts with the pressure (in [ATM] at the background), where the movement is in microscope (it was videotaped using a regular camera. The movement is absolutely seen to the naked eye).

Necessity for Nuclear Weapons

The Necessity of Nuclear Power As time goes by and the world becomes more advanced technologically, we develop a greater need for energy sources. Most of the fuels that we use today are non-renewable, such as coal and oil. Nuclear power is a source of power which brings many benefits. It is less expensive because it is based on uranium, which is easily accessible. With very little amounts of uranium, great amounts of energy can be produced. A significant advantage is that by producing energy using nuclear power, the process does not give off Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which contribute to the rising problem of Global Warming.One of the biggest advantages of nuclear power is the discoveries made in nuclear medicine, such as CAT scan, cancer therapy and MRI machines. Nuclear power has become more useful in the past century with the inventions of nuclear weapons. The invention of atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and other weapons of mass destruction has given nations more power and source of safety. A single weapon can be capable of destroying a whole city. Nuclear weapons have only been used twice in history, both during the closing events of the Second World War in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.It is a wise decision to possess nuclear weapons if you are a wealthy nation with power. If a nation feels threatened at any time, it can depend on these weapons to protect themselves from the enemy. Nuclear power has disadvantages as well. If any accidents were to occur, many people can be fatally injured. Nuclear plants are only reliable to a certain extent. In reality, if any accident were to happen, a whole city can be expected to evacuate. One major disadvantage of nuclear power is that is creates significant amounts of radioactive waste.This waste causes problems for the world because of its high radiation. The waste remains for hundreds of years and creates high temperatures. Although nuclear power does have disadvantages, I believe that it necessary as long as it is used in the correct manner. The fossil fuels used for energy today are not an infinite resource. Someday, humans may need to rely on different sources of power and energy for consumption. Without the proper source of energy, our world would stop because people would not know how to react to the shortage of resources.In nuclear power and the production of energy can be handled correctly, a possibility of an accident is relatively rare. Nuclear power can be a good substitute for the burning of fossil fuels for energy. The manufacturing of weapons of mass destruction is also beneficial to the well-being of nations and the people. If any disputes that led to war were to occur, countries have the ability to protect themselves if need be. Knowing the fact that multiple nations may be in possession of such weapons, decreases the likelihood of severe combat.

A Battle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother - 1194 Words

The stereotype that Chinese parents raise the most successful children is universal. The question is, how do they accomplish this? In her novel, A Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, Amy Chua illustrates how she raises her two children to be stereotypically successful Chinese kids. â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,† is an excerpt of this novel, which appeared in the Wall Street Journal. The editors of the Wall Street Journal presumably chose this title to draw attention and promote controversy. Throughout the excerpt, Chua’s attempts to respect her audience are overpowered with her heavy criticism of the â€Å"Western parents†, referring to typical American parents. She also fails to convey the multitude of problems this style can cause. Chua is biased toward the â€Å"Chinese Mother† parenting style because of her personal experiences, thus her arrogance makes her ignorant to the detrimental effects of this style and is unappealing to her audience. 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